Doctor Patient Confidentiality free essay sample

The concept of â€Å"doctor-patient confidentiality† derives from English common law and is codified in many states’ statutes. It is based on ethics, not law, and goes at least as far back as the Roman Hippocratic Oath taken by physicians. It is different from â€Å"doctor-patient privilege,† which is a legal concept. Both, however, are called upon in legal matters to establish the extent by which ethical duties of confidentiality apply to legal privilege. Legal privilege involves the right to withhold evidence from discovery and/or the right to refrain from disclosing or divulging information gained within the context of a â€Å"special relationship. † Special relationships include those between doctors and patients, attorneys and clients, priests and confessors or confiders, guardians and their wards, etc. The Oath of Hippocrates, traditionally sworn to by newly licensed physicians, includes the promise that â€Å"Whatever, in connection with my professional service, or not in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. We will write a custom essay sample on Doctor Patient Confidentiality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The laws of Hippocrates further provide, â€Å"Those things which are sacred, are to be imparted only to sacred persons; and it is not lawful to impart them to the profane until they have been initiated into the mysteries of the science. Doctor-patient confidentiality stems from the special relationship created when a prospective patient seeks the advice, care, and/or treatment of a physician. It is based upon the general principle that individuals seeking medical help or advice should not be hindered or inhibited by fear that their medical concerns or conditions will be disclosed to others. Patients entrust personal knowledge of themselves to their physicians, which creates an uneven relationship in that the vulnerability is one-sided. There is generally an expectation that physicians will hold that special knowledge in confidence and use it exclusively for the benefit of the patient. The professional duty of confidentiality covers not only what patients may reveal to doctors, but also what doctors may independently conclude or form an opinion about, based on their examination or assessment of patients. Confidentiality covers all medical records (including x-rays, lab-reports, etc. as well as communications between patient and doctor, and it generally includes communications be-tween the patient and other professional staff working with the doctor. The duty of confidentiality continues even after patients stop seeing or being treated by their doctors. Once doctors are under a duty of confidentiality, they cannot divulge any medical information about their patients to third persons without patient consent. There are, however, exceptions to this rule.

Rafael Lopez Perez Essays - Waste Management, Industrial Ecology

Rafael Lopez Perez TOXIC WASTE Pollution Prevention GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS DEFINITIONS Pollution prevention consists of all those activities that reduce the generation of hazardous waste. Many terms are used to describe these activities: waste minimization, waste reduction, source reduction, waste diversion, pollution prevention, recycling, and reuse. In a recent policy statements EPA suggested the following hierarchy for management of wastes: * Source reduction * Recycling * Treatment * Disposal In plant practices that reduce, avoid or eliminate the generation of hazardous waste as to reduce risks to health and the environment. Actions taken away from the waste generating activity, including waste recycling or treatment of wastes after they are generated, are not considered waste reduction. Also, an action that merely concentrates t hazardous content of a waste to reduce waste volume or dilutes it to reduce degree hazard, is not considered waste reductions The somewhat broader term pollution prevention has an evolving definition that includes: * Managing chemicals to reduce risk * Identifying and estimating all releases * Waste minimization VOLUME REDUCTION An appropriate place to initiate waste minimization investigations is to examine way: to reduce the volume of hazardous waste. This can be accomplished by a number methods including modifying production processes, segregation, and re-use. It should be noted that under some regulatory schemes, simply reducing the volume of the waste without an accompanying reduction in toxicity would not be considered was minimization. Process Modifications Process modifications include changes in: ? Raw materials ? Equipment & Operating procedures ? Materials storage ? End products Hunt suggests the following additional measures to reduce dragout: ? Increase drain time ? Air knife (low pressure air to blow solution off parts) ? Spray rinsing over process tank ? Minimize concentration of metal in plating bath ? Rack parts to maximize drainage ? Use drip bars to hold racked parts over plating tanks TOXICITY REDUCTION A number of waste minimization techniques reduce the concentration of contaminant in a liquid or solid waste stream, without necessarily diminishing the volume of wastes produced. It is often possible to lessen the toxic characteristics sufficiently so that the remaining waste is no longer considered a hazardous waste. Process Modification: Some specific examples of modifications that result in a less toxic waste stream include dry powder painting and solvent recovery methods. Treatment and Disposal Methods Stabilization and Solidification INTRODUCTION In general terms, stabilization is a process where additives are mixed with waste to minimize the rate of contaminant migration from the waste and to reduce the toxicity of the waste. Thus, stabilization may be described as a process by which contaminant are fully or partially bound by the addition of supporting media, binders, or other modifiers. Likewise, solidification is a process employing additives by which the physical nature of the waste (as measured by the engineering properties of strength, compressibility, and/or permeability) is altered during the process. Thus, objectives of stabilization and solidification would encompass both the reduction in waste toxicity and mobility as well as an improvement in the engineering properties of the stabilized mates al. Thermal Methods INTRODUCTION Incineration systems are designed to destroy only organic components of waste; however most hazardous waste is non-exclusive in its content and therefore will contain both combustible organics and non-combustible inorganics. By destroying the organ Erection and converting it to carbon dioxide and water vapor, incineration reduces the waste volume, and to the extent that the organic components include toxic component [emailprotected] threat to the environment. Hazardous wastes come in all physical forms: liquid, solid, and somewhere between. Commercial hazardous waste incineration systems have to handle the gamut of waste streams. Nevertheless, many hazardous waste incinerators a concerned only with liquid wastes. While gaseous waste streams are not regulated as hazardous waste, the combustion of such wastes is certainly a part of the overall incineration process. The theory and equipment design for each type of waste is similar but different, and their combination into a single system is often required. REMEDY SELECTION The parties having a stake in the selection of a remedy come from diverse interests representing the local community, industry, environmentalists, the scientific and engineering professions, and government. Their concerns differ as do their values. They inevitably will disagree about what is the best remedy and even as to what level of protection is needed. REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS 1. Site conditions can be very complicated. 2. Remediation is not straightforward but takes place usually over a long period of time and involves a number

Genetic Engineering Essays (1414 words) - Biotechnology, Genetics

Genetic Engineering Gena Fawley Ethics Doug McKay 1 June, 2000 Genetic Engineering As we begin the twenty first century, many new technological advancements make themselves readily available to us. One such technological advancement is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the altering of human genes in order to perfect these genes, or change them completely. This new technology is very controversial, because it deals with things such as altering our own mortality and perhaps creating the ?perfect human race.? Some people however, feel that gene altering is a wonderful new prospect because it may allow us to prevent certain disease, and thus increase our life spans. Also, those that are for genetic engineering, believe that by choosing the genes we wish our children to have we will be able to correct certain birth defect and make everyone happy and healthy. The discovery of the ability to manipulate human genes first came with the development of the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research setup to analyze the structure of human DNA, and also to locate all human genes, which in number are estimated to be as many as one hundred thousand (Intro to the World of Genome). The goal of this project is to locate the genome, or the complete set of instructions for making a human being. It is believed in the future that this process will be helpful in curing diseases. It was out of this project that the idea for gene manipulation arose, and the controversy over whether we, as mere human beings, had the right to manipulate the genes of the human body, to prevent genetic disorders and prolong life (Intro to the World of Genome). Advocates of gene altering feel that this new technology is beneficial to human life for two main reasons. First, these people feel that using the technology of gene altering to ?design their own children? is beneficial because they will be able to perfect their genes and prevent them from being handicap from disease and disorders (Golden). Through the use of gene manipulation, such diseases as Down Syndrome can be prevented. By choosing the genes that their children will have, parents can be sure that their children will not be born with genetic disease, thus the human race will be much healthier. Another reason that supporters of gene manipulation believe that it is a worthwhile technology, is because they feel that in the future, when all of the genomes are discovered that we will be able to cure such diseases as diabetes and cancer. They believe that through use of genetic screening and gene altering that we will not only be able to prevent these disease before birth, but also cure them at a later stage. By adding healthy genes from one organism to the unhealthy genes of another organism, it is believed that this process, called somatic cell therapy, will be able to correct hundreds of genetic disorders, ranging from heart disease to cancer (Frantz). It is believed by those in favor of this technology, that by correcting genes in postnatal (already born) organisms, we might be able to cure such deadly diseases and thus prolong life for the human race. While this may seem to present a bright new future to all of mankind, there are still several protests to this new technology. Many people feel that by manipulating genes, we are playing God, or taking over the role of Mother Nature. Critics feel that by manipulating genes, we are going against God, and his plan for each individual person. Opponents of this new technology feel that by manipulating a person's genes we are going against God, and his divine plan (Gardner). Another reason many people oppose genetic engineering is because they fear that someone will attempt to create a super race, by manipulating genes. Many people are still devastated by the actions of Adolph Hitler, and his attempt to create a superior human race of blond hair, blue-eyed children. With the new technology of genetic engineering, this could be possible. In the future, it is believed that we will be able to choose the hair, eye, and skin color of our children, if this is possible, then it would be completely logical to fear such a

Free Essays on Divorce

Regardless of age, race, sex or religion, divorce has devastating, often long-term, consequences. The immediate effects of divorce, such as hurt, anger and confusion, are evident in both children and adults. The longer-term effects are not so easy to pin point. Adults are usually able to articulate their emotions and verbalize their distress, anger, pain and confusion to help themselves through this period of transition in their lives. As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about. At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often compounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be answered. Questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge. Today, mothers make up the majority of parents who are awarded custody, with fathers making up only 13%. However, this was not always the case. Prior to the 19th century, fathers, under English common law followed in North America, received automatic custody of their children when the marriage dissolved. During the 19th century gradual change occurred. Mothers were first given custody of yo... Free Essays on Divorce Free Essays on Divorce Verbal Aggression and Marital Satisfaction among College Basketball Coaches People often look at how successful college basketball coaches are on the court, but what they don’t look at is the coach’s problems in their marital life. College basketball coaches have one of the highest divorce rates in the country today. There are several reasons why college basketball coaches have such a high divorce rate. The life of a college basketball coach is so stressful, one really can’t imagine it unless one is college coach. There is large number of coaches who are successful on the court, but not at home. This is a profession that I would like to go into. We need to find out why college basketball coaches have such a high divorce rate? The purpose of this study is to determine whether verbal aggression of college basketball coaches is related to their marital satisfaction. I think the more verbally aggressive a basketball coach is on the court the more marital problems the coach will have with his or her spouse. The justification that I will use for my study is the solving of a practical problem. Since college basketball coaches have such a high divorce rate we need to find out why this is and try to improve these statistics. College basketball coaches have to put their marital relationships second to their job. This is a subject that needs immediate help. In order to understand the research that I would like to do, I need to break down the variables. My independent variable is verbal aggression. My dependent variable is marital satisfaction. I am comparing whether a verbally aggressive coach at work is the same way at home, if so does the coach have marital problems. My hypothesis is that the more verbally aggressive a coach is the more marital problems the coach will have. Verbal aggression and marital satisfaction had to be broken down into four independent words. Verbal means consisting of words alone without... Free Essays on Divorce In any case a divorce is something that is certainly not welcomed by anyone: mother, father or children. â€Å"A marriage is a bond between two people and often children are brought into scene and if a bond such as this is broken it can lead to severe consequences†. One consequence is a custody battle if children are involved. Another consequence is how the children will respond. This can be determined by many different factors such as; age and gender of the children. Boys therefore act differently than the girls and their age can be a deciding factor in this as well. Boys take a longer amount of time to adjust, and they also tend to have more trouble with school, withdraw from social activities, and initiate fights with their schoolmates. Basically, boys cope by projecting their anger or hurt onto others. This is the case in little 9 year old Arturo when he says, â€Å"I am going to smash my father’s teeth.†(Gonzalez 347) This can be believed to be caused by males being naturally aggressive and after a traumatizing event it can lead to violence as he demonstrated. Girls are thought to experience an emotional loss of their father, lower self-esteem, and often become more corrupt. They tend to deal with divorce more passively than boys. After the loosing their father girls often have a hard time in relationships with other male figures. They lose the closeness and security and have a hard time in trusting another male. They then began to look for affection from anyone and most of the time in wrong places. They will have anyone who will show them attention and raise their self esteem. The trust issues the girls have are still there and before long they find themselves entangled up with a different boy. â€Å"This can frequently happen for their whole lives and sometimes some never regain trust and end up never marrying.† (Eagan) Other then have these side effects comes the actual custody battle itself. â€Å"Neither parent is entit... Free Essays on Divorce The causes and effects of the recent rise in divorce rates. From the past to present, people all over the world have determined to live together, which is called â€Å"get marriage† in another word, so that they depend on for living each other. Nevertheless, some couples are unable to maintain their relationship; therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore, most people think carefully before they get marriage. However, the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken place easier than the past. There are three main causes of divorce: changing woman’s roles, stress in modern living and lack of communication, which are highlighted below. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women completely change in roles. In the past, men have to earn whole money to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, hence women have no money leading to depend on husbands’ money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely change nowadays. The equality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing as well as caring for children. It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by themselves to support their living cost. Accordingly, the divorce rates recently rise. Another cause to confirm the recent increase in divorce rates is stress in modern living. Many people, who live in globalisation, have considerable pressures to earn money. It can be obviously seen that the stress has occurred since they are children. For instance, in Thailand, students generally want to go to famous school so that they take advantage... Free Essays on Divorce Divorce and Children By: Randy Krautbauer It seems that more and more marriages are falling apart everyday. Divorce rates seen to be climbing astronomically. In so many of these divorces there are children to be considered. What is best for the child? Who will get custody? Will the child be scarred for life? It’s really hard to say. The overall effects on our children vary according to the factors involved. I am going to attempt to discuss a few of the problems that can occur with children of divorced families and what parents can do to ease the transition. I will limit this discussion to infantile age thru early elementary aged children. Let’s start with understanding the parents role concerning being together or being apart. Obviously, two parents can provide children with far more guidance, sustenance, and protection than one, and are more likely to prevent the kinds of psychological disturbance that may result from deprivations of these necessities ...When one parent is temporarily absent from the intact ho me, it is likely that the other will be available to ratify the child’s needs in a loving way. This is not so readily the situation in the divorced home. ( Gardner, 1977). In this statement he illustrates the importance of having both parents together. This can be emphasized further with a statement from Buchanan, Maccoby, and Dornbusch (1996). Children’s parents are their anchors. Parents provide the structure for children’s daily lives, and even when parents are not functioning very well, children depend on them for a sense of security that enables them to cope with their developmental tasks. When one parent leaves the home, the child realizes a shattering possibility; parents are not always there. It is not hard to realize that divorce can have a devastating effect on children. Let’s brake it down by age groups; infants, toddlers, and so on. DeBorg (1997) states that infants â€Å"do not understand conflict, but may ... Free Essays on Divorce â€Å"On the Brow of the Hill†, explains how divorce has been the plague of many families lives. Children are often not accredited for being able to think for themselves in situations of divorce. The aftermath of divorce usually leaves the children unprepared for what lies ahead of them in their future. Both sexes of children are affected differently when coping with a family divorce. Children are often not accredited for being able to think for themselves in situations of divorce. Many parents may feel that kids are unaware of their surroundings. Children are competent enough to detect that there is a problem within their family. Parents sometimes will post- pone telling their children about the divorce they are experiencing. When I was younger, my friend would tell me that he noticed that his mom and dad were acting differently towards each other. Parents may think that kids minds are not developed enough to recognize problems within the family. This may be the reasoning behind the last minute notification of divorce to children. The aftermath of divorce usually leaves children unprepared for what lies ahead of them in their future. Throughout a greater part of the interviews, you are told that most children that went through divorce, entered adulthood as worried, under achieving, self- deprecating, and sometimes angry men and women. According to the two authors, many teenagers felt abandoned, physically and emotionally. One feels that many of the divorced parents do not consider the fact that they are setting their children up for emotional destruction. Children that grow-up parentally neglected, may not have the basic components of Tender Loving Care to pass down to their offspring. Both sexes of the children are affected differently when coping with a family divorce. The authors expressed in one of their interviews that younger women found themselves struggling with anxiety and guilt. Women faced this when it was time to seek... Free Essays on Divorce Divorce: Life Altering or Not? Few incidents in life are as severely life altering as divorce is. The sudden upheaval and change in something that has always been a constant in a child’s life can have many negative effects. Judith Wallerstein states in her essay â€Å"The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce† that although many people believe divorce does not affect children, there is evidence it can have lasting effects, many of which can last through adulthood. One of the first effects divorce can have on a child happens during the initial breakup. Sometimes children will feel responsible for the divorce and they may feel abandoned (Wallerstein, 69). Sometimes the child might think of things they could of done differently in order to keep their family together. They may blame their bad behavior or their asking for too many things as a reason why their parents are divorced. The children also can develop beliefs that the tie between a man and woman can easily be broken. They also can believe that the ties with their parents can also be just as easily broken (70). Researchers have also said that adolescence starts early in children of divorced families compared to children who come from intact families (71). Children in divorced families often have more responsibilities at a younger age and therefore tend to grow up more quickly than children from intact families. Also, with the single parents working, they usually don’t have as much time to spend at home with the child so the child may feel that they have no one to talk to because someone is not home as much so they tend to keeps things inside instead of expressing them. There is also evidence of earlier sexual experiences in girls from divorced families, and for both boys and girls there is a higher rate of alcohol and drug use (71). They worry about following in their parent’s footsteps and worry that they too will fail in their relationships (71). But it is ... Free Essays on Divorce These days, many people are happily joining in matrimony, but sadly, almost 50 percent of those married will divorce. Half of all marriages â€Å"fall apart†, then comes a divorce. I do not see how two people can love each-other enough to want to live together until death does them part, testify just that under God or the State, and when the going gets a little rough, bail out. In some cases, a marriage will plainly not work out, both sides try to work out their problems, and it just doesn’t work out. This reason is why divorce was created. Even so, it is being grossly misused. The reason two people are supposed to get married is that they both truly love each other, and will try their absolute hardest to do so forever! Evidently, this is not everyone’s belief. I can not see how people can throw away years of love because of a tragedy, misfortune, or even looks. When one marries, they are supposed to marry the person inside, and so forever, through better or worse. Still, 50 percent of all marriages crumble. Divorce is a very ugly thing many times. Some people just can’t leave peacefully, and so create a huge mess. Children of a divorcing family are usually hard hit. I speak from experience. How can two people that loved each other, willingly hurt their children by getting a divorce? I don’t understand. I have always seen marriage as a very wonderful and powerful commitment with the love of your life, and that you don’t ever try to hurt your spouse in any way! I have, also, seen divorce as an absolute last resort if, and only if, problems can’t be worked out or the two were married under false pretenses. Because of this, I can not see how two who love each other so much as to get married, could end it all with a divorce, especially without due cause. I believe that one factor to this is that practically anyone can get married, very easily. If the laws were stricter, it would put some pressure on the couple, and th... Free Essays on Divorce While the divorce rate in the United States has grown rapidly over the last thirty years, so has the population. Civil rights movements along with women’s rights protest pushed opened the door to a changing society. Divorce was not common in the previous generations because it was not a norm and everyone stuck to the norm. As women began to exercise their fought for rights more, the norm was being stretched. Women across the nation became independent and self reliant. They chose their own life style, whether it was working to support themselves or marrying and staying at home to raise a family. It was simply their own choice to make. Although, as time passed it became necessary for a two income household just to pay the bills. For many families today it is not a question of whether both spouses will work but a must. Now the stress of an every day work environment is on both adults and can easily result in one spouse taking out their anger on the another. Maybe one spouse feels as if they do more around the house than the other or simply that they contribute more to the marriage. Compromise is a key issue in marriage, without this the couple will be overwhelmed with disappointments. As so many people today begin to focus more on themselves they begin to lose sight in what lies just before them, the obvious. Nowadays parents raise their children telling them they can do anything they set their mind to. This leaves children with a free spirit to follow their dreams while remaining headstrong on their goals and priorities in life. This could be an invertible result why people go into life, and marriage, with a â€Å"me† importance. They were taught and brought up in a world where you must take of yourself before another. Although much of the youth have a fear of being alone so they cling to or â€Å"settle† for the first person who seems to respect and care deeply for them. To conclude, increase in divorce rate is due to the social c... Free Essays on Divorce Divorce Divorce: The Effect on the Children Divorce, once uncommon in our society, is now becoming more and more frequent, disrupting our children’s state of well-being. Some children of divorced families have long-term behavior problems such as depression, low self-esteem, poor school performance, acting out, and difficulties with intimate relationships. Children with divorced or divorcing parents often have a sense of abandonment, because their parents become too preoccupied with their own psychological, social, and economic distress that they forget about their kids’ needs (Lamb and Sternberg, 1997). In 1988, Professor Jeanne Dise-Lewis conducted a survey of 700 middle school students. The students were asked to rate certain events as to the stress they causes. The death of a parent or close family member was the only thing that outranked divorce (Zinsmeister, 1996). A divorce in the family creates a major life change for most children. Loss of contact with friends, schoolma tes, neighbors, teachers, and sometimes moving to a new location may bring a lot of psychosocial stress upon the children, and that stress can be very harmful. Since the divorce boom started in the 1960’s, father-mother divorces have increased at an alarming rate. Today more than 1,000,000 kids experience a divorce in the family every year in the United States alone (U.S.A. Today, p. 8). As a result of the divorce, many children live in single-parent homes. This usually results in a drop in income for the family. Remarriage creates step families. Children often have a hard time adjusting to this new situation. Many of the remarriages end in divorce. As children see these marriages end, they may become more likely to accept divorce as they enter marriage. It seems that the old saying, â€Å"staying together for the sake of the kids† is becoming a fairy tale. Parental Actions: Custodial and Nonresidential Children’s behavior, development, and adjustment... Free Essays on Divorce Regardless of age, race, sex or religion, divorce has devastating, often long-term, consequences. The immediate effects of divorce, such as hurt, anger and confusion, are evident in both children and adults. The longer-term effects are not so easy to pin point. Adults are usually able to articulate their emotions and verbalize their distress, anger, pain and confusion to help themselves through this period of transition in their lives. As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about. At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often compounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be answered. Questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge. Today, mothers make up the majority of parents who are awarded custody, with fathers making up only 13%. However, this was not always the case. Prior to the 19th century, fathers, under English common law followed in North America, received automatic custody of their children when the marriage dissolved. During the 19th century gradual change occurred. Mothers were first given custody of yo... Free Essays on Divorce Divorce: A Personal Problem? At present there are rising divorce rates everywhere in the developed world. It is accepted in most societies that â€Å"where there is a marriage, there is a divorce.† Our society has a confused attitude towards divorce: accepting it as inevitable but at the same time, hankering after the religious ideal of â€Å"till death due us part.† Even still, the divorce rate continues to climb. Statistics show that in the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce and in Canada, one in four. These climbing rates are alarming. It suggests a â€Å"divorce epidemic† in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single, divorced mothers on social assistance. But the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. Emotional State of the child For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening either because they are too upset and the less said, the better. However, when they do find out, the outcome will vary with the age and sex of the child. Very young children, under the age of three, often don’t understand what is going on. Those a bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent children fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research in... Free Essays on Divorce These are the factors that are related to divorce: Low level of education: It has found out that uneducated people are more like to divorce than educated people. Due to the fact that they have not learn how to communicate effectively. Low family income: Couples who fall below the family income range are more likely to divorce due to financial problems in the marriage. Interpersonal factors: If one partner is willing to improve the relationship and the other partner is not, then it will not work, since both have to be willing to work on the marriage. Differences: couples who have different point of views about certain situation will cause a disagreement in most conversations. Frequent arguments: If you keep having minor or major arguments with your spouse about everything, whether or not is important, this may be a sign of divorce. Premarital births: couples who bring children in the marriage are at a high chance of being divorce than couples who do not bring children in the home. Trust: If either the wife or husband do not trust the wife due to having an affair, this will cause conflict in the marriage. Lack of communication: When any couple stop talking or they don't have anything to say to their spouse this is a sign of divorce. Making a decision to divorce is not easy, it is always a painful process, even for partners hopelessly mismatched. Divorce is particular painful because it involves so may kinds of separation. This is the most stressful changes a person can experience. Although people may no longer love their ex-spouses, they may still feel a remaining bond....

Critically evaulate the care and management of a Scaphoid fracture Essay

Critically evaulate the care and management of a Scaphoid fracture from the perspective of a Emergency Nurse Practitioner - Essay Example I chose to focus on scaphoid fractures since they are part of the injuries that I am likely to come across as an emergency nurse practitioner (Rutter, 2008). This paper touches on the clinical assessment and differential diagnosis of scaphoid fractures. I will discuss different assessments that a nurse can perform and the diagnosis process that is supposed to be followed when dealing with a fractured scaphoid. I will also look at the psychological as well as the cultural factors that might affect the patient suffering from a fractured scaphoid. I will also include the treatment options available for scaphoid fractures. There are several issues related to the management of fractured scaphoids. And I will delve deep into some of these issues in my discussion. Clinical assessment and differential diagnosis Scaphoid fractures are quite difficult to diagnose correctly since X-Ray interpretations are normally vague (Gunal, Barton and Calli, 2010). This draws to attention the need of clinic al assessment in the diagnosis process. The diagnostic process of a fractured scaphoid needs to be thorough enough to be able to make accurate diagnosis. Signs and Symptoms It is quite challenging to diagnose fractured scaphoids due to the lack of apparent signs that are common with bone fractures. The most common symptom or sign of a fractured scaphoid is tenderness and pain, which is usually accompanied by swelling on the wrist (Elhassan and Shin, 2006). However these signs are not very specific and one might make unnecessary outpatient reviews. In the health facility where I worked, MRI technology was used to a certain the presence of a fractured scaphoid on a patient (Garcia and Holtz, 2001). However, the patient had to undergo plain-film radiographs to ascertain that indeed there was a fracture on the wrist. The first step of the clinical assessment of the suspected fractured scaphoid was to take the patients history (Bickley, 2005). Taking the history of the patient was import ant as it showed the injury mechanism. For a fractured scaphoid, the injury mechanism normally involved: Falling onto the outstretched hand Forced dorsiflexion, with a radially deviated wrist Sometime there could be palmar flexion After checking the common signs of a fractures wrist such as swelling, lack of a strong grip and pain, the next step involved the use of radiographs (Elhassan and Shin, 2006). The lateral radiograph was used to indicate whether or not there was any sign of inconsistency in the alignment of the carpal and distal joints (Edwards and Stillman, 2006). If the patient had positive radiograph results but negative initial clinical findings were treated using cast immobilization for two weeks. After two weeks, the examination was repeated to examine whether there had been any form of healing or bony resorption at the site of the fracture. Emergency nursing practitioners carried out the initial clinical evaluation which in most cases showed the following (Muscari. 2 001): Pain on the wrist Fullness and swelling off the snuffbox, which was a clear indication of effusion Tender palpation in the anatomical snuffbox and scaphoid tubercle Reduction in the range of motion Pronation and ulnar deviation that caused pain Reduced strength of grip When the radiographs failed to indicate the fracture, even when it was apparent there was one, the other option used was MRI. In many health facilities which deal with emergency care for minor

Discussing the Improvement in Perfomance and Possitive Influences on Essay

Discussing the Improvement in Perfomance and Possitive Influences on Individuals in a Working Environment - Essay Example The report will also highlight various leading forces that may improve the performance of the individuals who are working as a team. The discussion of the letter subject will help us understand how Microsoft can apply those suggestions in its own professional environment, which is necessarily a team-based. -------------------------------------------------- Introduction: The quality of work in a business environment is becoming the foremost concern in industries all over the world, which was not true until 1959 (Herzberg 1995). Considering the motivation of work, top priority is given to the worker satisfaction instead of achievement that is gained through the work qualitatively done. Improvement of worker satisfaction deals with the enhancement and development of human relations between the humans working together in an organization. Two main issues have been faced by the organizational management - in lieu of the aforementioned statements – that run side by side. While the in dustries are now struggling to resolve the unfathomable hygiene problems of evading the interpersonal dissatisfaction in working environment; they have neglected the other essential concern of workers’ motivation for training and quality production, which leads to even more dire consequences in terms of job dissatisfaction and health issues. In regard to these two important issues, Frederick Herzberg proposed a theory known as Two-Factor Theory or Motivation-Hygiene Theory, in 1995 that will logically respond to the above two problems collectively to provide a harmonic and synchronized solution that will keep the interpersonal relation at its best as well as provide the organizations qualitative work, and will ensure the employees to stay health and keep job satisfaction for a longer period of time. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory: According to this theory, people in a working environment are influenced through two factors, i.e. motivation factors, e.g. satisfaction and p sychological growth, and hygiene factors, e.g. dissatisfaction. The theory was established based on the investigations done by Herzberg on 200 engineers and accountants in the USA. Hygiene factors ensure the avoidance of the employees being dissatisfied with the job and working environment. These factors do not relate to the motivational aims but still without them the dissatisfaction is not avoided. Some of the most common yet essential and avoidable hygiene factors are as follows: working conditions, status, salary, quality of supervision, job security, company profile, interpersonal relations, and company’s administrative policies. Motivation factors on the other hand relate to the motivation of employees to make their performance better and let them achieve higher aims. Internal generators within employees are the actual cause of these factors. Some of the typical motivation factors are as follows: achievement, growth, recognition for achievement, interest in job, task re sponsibility, and recognition for the achievement. The combination of both the leading factors of theory leads to four underlying scenarios which differ from each other in terms of achieving the objects a business management official is seeking among his employees. The four scenarios will now be discussed under each of the two sections given below. One of the next two sections will strictly speak of the positive influences on the motivational enhancement of employees of Microsoft.

Sonny's Blues and Big Black Good Man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sonny's Blues and Big Black Good Man - Essay Example This paper endeavors to tackle the different significant points in both aforementioned short stories. It also aims to discuss the variations in both literary works. The story entitled, Sonny's Blues by James Baldwin, is a tale inscribed in the first-person singular narrative style. It commences with the narrator reading about his younger brother named Sonny who has been seized in a heroin bust. The narrator then recounts about the events of his day; he is a professor at a school in Harlem. However, he is having trouble of getting his mind off Sonny. He imagines all the boys he is teaching in class who he supposes does not have a bright future and probably doing drugs just like Sonny. After school, he came across a friend of Sonny who informs him that they will put him up in jail and put him in rehab but eventually he will be set free and hence, be all alone. Originally, the narrator does not have any contact with his brother Sonny not until his daughter Gracie passes away due to poli o when he decided to write him a letter. Hence, they eventually re-established their means of communication and somehow got updated with each other’s lives. When Sonny was set free from jail, he then resided with the narrator who is his brother. The two brothers then had a flashback of their parents. The narrator depicts his father as a drunken man, who passed away when Sonny was fifteen. Sonny and his father had the same solitude; however they did not get along. Sonny was an introvert and usually quiet; while their father acted as if he was immense, resilient, and loud-talking. They also reminisced the time of their mother’s funeral where the narrator had a talk with Sonny asking him what he aims to do with his life. Sonny replied that he desires to be a jazz musician and to play the piano. The narrator does not appreciate this dream and does not believe that it is good enough for Sonny. They also discussed his living arrangement for the remainder of his high school d ays. This subject matter ignites the two brothers to be in an argument where Sonny calls his brother ridiculous for not knowing who Charlie Parker is, and contends that he does not want to finish high school or live at the house of the parents of Isabel who is the narrator’s wife. However, they resolved the predicament with a compromise, since the house of Isabel’s parents had a piano; Sonny could play it whenever he wishes to provided that he will agree to go to school. It was then discovered that Sonny is not pursuing his studies instead he plays in the Greenwich Village with his jazz friends whom the narrator assumes that he is taking drugs with so Sonny left the house of Isabel’s parents and went to the navy. After the communication of the two brothers were re-established, Sonny arrives at the house, and asks the narrator if he wishes to come and watch him play in Greenwich Village, and the narrator, although reluctant at first, decides to go with Sonny. Son ny then starts to narrate about his heroin addiction in somewhat vague terms. He divulges that when the lady that the brothers both admire was singing at the revival meeting, it prompted him to be reminiscent of what it feels like when heroin is gushing through one’s veins. Sonny declares that it makes an individual feel that he is in control, and sometimes a person just have to feel that way. The narrator inquires if he has to feel like that to play and he responds that some people do. They then tackled suffering and the narrator raises the question