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Critics of consequentialism EssayThe paper discusses honorable consequentialism and evaluates its criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under indisputable conditions, to do what faces intuitively to be the goodly defile act. The nature of this criticism originates from the widely accepted vision of consequentialism as too permissive and too demanding. The lucubrate analysis of the philosophic and honourable assumptions renders a conclusion that both the permissiveness and demandingness of chaste consequentialism argon easy to argue and sluice turn d throw.Whether honourable consequentialism requires individuals to do what seems to be the mor solelyy wrong act depends on how they interpret these acts and in what conditions these acts ar to take place. Briefly, this paper turns moral consequentialism into a conjunction of highly relative and inseparable norms/ standards which change their meaning and leave no room for obj ective judgments. Keywords moral consequentialism, permissiveness, demandingness, moral, philosophy. Moral Consequentialism Throughout its history, philosophy was always centered on the two major sides of the moral argument deontological and utilitarian.Most of the time, philosophers found themselves torn in the midst of the posit to follow the basic rules of the moral conduct and the contract to achieve the greatest unspoiled for the greatest derive of people. Today, deontology and utilitarianism/ consequentialism represent the two distinct lines of philosophic thinking and create a vision of continuous philosophic disintegration. Moral consequentialism is, probably, the major national of the philosophic discussion and the principal object of philosophic criticism.Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under accepted conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the chastely wrong act. This criticism grows from the two most important philo sophic assumptions about the permissiveness and excessive (almost extremist) demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the detailed analysis of these arguments renders a conclusion that both assumptions atomic number 18 easy to deny as a result, whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to perform acts that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and conditions in which these actions take place.Moral Consequentialism A Flawed Theory of the Greatest Good Moral consequentialism argues that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral reckon that figures in the decisions, which individuals entrust take for or against particular acts (Kagan, 1998). The consequences of each particular action serve the basic criterion for judging its moral appropriateness. Contrary to deontology, which promotes and emphasizes the greatness of rules and norms/ standards an individual is to follow, conseque ntialism seems to disregard these rules and sacrifices them for the sake of consequences.For this reason, moral consequentialism often sustains the primary object of philosophic criticism. Despite the relevance and importance of moral consequentialism in philosophy, its principles and assumptions are non without their flaws. More often than not, moral consequentialism is being criticized for the lack of adequate moral reasoning and the growing relativity of moral norms and standards, which individuals use to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people.McLean and Ellrod (1992) argue that consequentialism is hardly a workable form of practical reasoning and calls into foreland the moral significance of its results (p. 171). The problem with consequentialism is in that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people by all possible means fails to do full justice to the personal reference point of the moral duty (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Consequ entialism often pass bys no difference who is to produce the maximum good and who is to become its beneficiary, while this difference is increasingly important and must count in any kind of moral judgments (McLean Ellrod, 1992).In this sense, consequentialism seems to operate in the atmosphere of the misplaced emphases and distorted views regarding morality, because morality is inherently personal and must digest on ones moral identity. Consequentialism, however, denies the relevance of personal morality against the importance of the public good. The second problem with consequentialism is its functionality and its ability to lead individuals to the best moral conclusions. That consequentialism makes it difficult to arrive to objectively practical judgments is often considered as one of its major flaws (McLean Ellrod, 1992).Here, the two basic problems become obvious. First, the growing relativity of the moral norms and standards deny us an opportunity to judge what the maximum good for the greatest majority is and how we are to achieve it. Second, this very relativity of norms creates a number of conflicts in the fulfil of choosing between several permissible alternatives whether individuals are to choose the greatest good or the least evil is another point of philosophic argument (McLead Ellrod, 1992).However, redden if these flaws are important and deserve attention, they only shape the basis for the profound philosophic analysis of consequentialism and its philosophic criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. In this sense, two essential elements of moral consequentialism require attention its overall permissiveness and moral demandingness.Critics of moral consequentialism claim the latter doctrine to be too permissive with regard to the acts and judgments individuals can make to achieve the greatest good for the greatest nu mber of people. Others are confident that moral consequentialism imposes extreme (and even extremist) moral requirements on people, and they have but to comply with these requirements to maximize good for the greatest number of people. Moral consequentialism implies that individuals entrust have to overstep their moral convictions and perform acts that are intuitively wrong. The following sections analyze these two assumptions in more detail.Moral Consequentialism Permissiveness and the Subjectivity of Judgments Critics of moral consequentialism claim that the latter doctrine may require individuals to do what seems the intuitively immoral act. In other words, moral consequentialism provides individuals with the absolute freedom to choose between acts which, although morally inacceptable, still lead them to achieve or to maximize the public good. Because moral consequentialism accepts an inappropriately short list of normative brokers, it permits acts that are not in fact morally permissible. In short, consequentialism permits too much (Kagan, 1984). For example, individuals may choose between cleaning a person and letting a person break in simply because a execute or a death get out save the lives of ten other people. Always immoral and intuitively wrong, the act of murder here is an excellent example of the permissiveness which moral consequentialism promotes and defends. To make the case more comprehensible, it is interesting to refer to the case of toss which Kagan (1998) describes in his book prescriptive Ethics.Kagan (1998) describes the case of the five patients, each of whom faces equal chances to die unless he can timely obtain an organ transplant. According to Kagan (1998), one patient needs a heart, two other patients need kidneys, one patient needs new lungs, and the fifth patient is in need for a new liver. Because of medical problems and because their tissues are incompatible, these five patients can hardly become donors for each other (Ka gan, 1998). Yet, there is Chuck, a young man who comes to the hospital for a regular medical manifestation and has all organs necessary for the five patients to survive (Kagan, 1998).A surgeon indeed faces a dilemma to kill Chuck and to use his organs or to leave Chuck alive and to let the five patients die. This is the case which emphasizes the inherent permissiveness of moral consequentialism. Moral consequentialism justifies the decision to kill Chuck for the sake of miserliness the lives of the five patients. In case of killing Chuck, the surgeon bequeath, most likely, achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people one does not need sophisticated knowledge of mathematics to understand that five lives are more than one.Regardless of the immoral character of murder, the holy goal of saving five lives will overweigh the terrible act of murdering one single person. This is where consequentialism justifies an act which seems to be intuitively wrong but which, neverth eless, helps individuals to achieve the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. The question is, however, in whether moral consequentialism is always permissible and morally blind and whether the assumption about the moral permissiveness of consequentialism is always objective and justified.It appears that whenever individuals engage in activities that seem intuitively wrong but help them to achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people, all they need is to reconsider and reframe the conditions in which these actions take place, to make them meet the basic requirements of morality. For example, the surgeon may find out that all Chucks organs are perfectly healthy and fit all five patients in this way, he will meet the maximum benefit requirement (Kagan, 1998).The surgeon may kill Chuck secretly, to make his death image like the result of medical complications in this way, he will avoid difficulties associated with the fact of murder (Kagan, 1998). Finally, the surgeon may pretend that the results of Chucks twist medical examination require immediate surgical intervention and that the life of Chuck is under threat Chucks murder will thus smelling like a moral obligation the surgeon had to fulfill to save Chuck from physical suffering. If that is the case, the surgeons decision to kill Chuck will no longer seem intuitively wrong, and moral consequentialism will no longer look too permissive.The question is in whether it is worth killing one healthy person to save the lives of the five patients who, due to their health condition, will still die very soon. What are the chances that the value of their five lives will overweigh the value of Chucks life? These are the questions which one can answer only in particular circumstances and conditions. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts that seem to be morally wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what particular conditi ons these actions take place.Moral Consequentialism, Demandingness, and the Value of Denial Critics argue that in particular conditions, moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts which seem to be morally wrong. This criticism originates from the assumption that moral consequentialism is inherently demanding and imposes too many moral obligations on individuals, even if the former go against the basic moral principles and individual convictions. Actually, moral demandingness of consequentialism is the notorious topic of discussion.Critics of consequentialism assume that moral consequentialism obligates people to make sacrifices that go beyond the limits of reasonable morality (Baier, 1958). For example, societies tend to believe that rich and better off society members are morally obliged to give up a share of their riches to support those in need. Others are confident that, under the influence of consequentialism, individuals must make the largest possible cont ribution to the overall good regardless of the sacrifice much(prenominal) a contribution may incur (Kagan, 1984).Kagan (1984) even claims that there is no limit to the sacrifices that morality can require and agents are never permitted to favor their own interests at the expense of the greater good (p. 239). Mulgan (2001) calls these claims as extremist and admits that at times the overall demandingness of moral consequentialism will make individuals perform acts that seem morally wrong. In his book The Demands of Consequentialism, Tim Mulgan (2001) provides a short tale Clare, Amy, and loading dock are sitting in the living room when a space outlander enters their flatbed in the striving to devour Clare (p. 154).The only way the company can save Clare from the tragedy is to cut away Amys arm and to throw it into the alien (Mulgan, 2001). The act will distract the alien and will give Clare more time to escape meanwhile, Bob will find his weapons and will vaporize the neophyte ( Mulgan, 2001). For Amy, who is to sacrifice her arm to save the lives of her friends, the decision will, naturally, seem inacceptable and intuitively wrong. However, because this is the only way for her to save the life of Clare and to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people, Amy will be pressured by the moral requirement to sacrifice her arm.The moral unacceptability of the decision to chop off Amys arm will become even more obvious in case Bob is the one to make it for her. If Amy is not obliged to sacrifice her arm but is only permitted to do so, Bob can readily become the one responsible for the mission of cutting off Amys arm and saving his company from the alien. Mulgan (2001) recognizes that in this case, Bob is allowed to chop Amys arm, to save his own and the life of Clare, even if this act seems morally wrong to him.In this case, the demandingness of moral consequentialism will reach the point, where individuals have the remediate to force other indivi duals to make sacrifices if they decide to refrain from such actions (Mulgan, 2001). Here, moral consequentialism becomes both permissive and demanding, and makes individuals engage in actions which seem to be intuitively wrong. Again, the design to which this sacrifice is suboptimal is difficult to define. Whether the decision to chop off Amys arm is intuitively wrong will depend on a number of circumstances.It will depend on how the person himself judges his own actions and decisions. For example, there is always a distinction between subjective expectations and objective probabilities that particular actions will lead to specific consequences (Mulgan, 2001). Bob may believe that his decision to chop off Amys arm will cause her unbearable pain and will thus refrain from cutting off her arm. In reality, however, Amy may accept the need to get rid of her arm for the sake of saving the lives of her friends.In a standardized vein, Bob may choose to interpret the decision to chop off Amys arm as the action with the lowest probability to cause prostitute to Clare and which also causes the least evil compared with other alternatives. Based on whether Bob views his decisions as the greatest good or the least evil, moral consequentialism will look more or less demanding. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place.Conclusion In broad terms, moral consequentialism claims that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in judging the righteousness and moral acceptability of each particular action. Critics often argue that moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions which are morally wrong. The nature of this criticism originates from the assumptions about the excessive permissiveness and demandingness of m oral consequentialism.However, the current analysis confirms that whether moral consequentialism pushes individuals to perform actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Despite relative demandingness and permissiveness, moral consequentialism always leaves much room for subjectivity and provides individuals with an opportunity to change their opinions and the opinions of others about the moral character of their actions and decisions. ReferencesBaier, K. (1958). The moral point of view A rational basis of ethics. Ithaca Cornell University Press. Kagan, S. (1984). Does consequentialism demand too much? Recent work on the limits of obligation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 13(3), 239-254. Kagan, S. (1998). Normative ethics. carbon monoxide Westview Press. McLean, G. F. Ellrod, F. E. (1992). Philosophical foundations for moral education and character development Act and agent. CRVP. M ulgan, T. (2001). The demands of consequentialism. Oxford University Press.