The Effects of Child Family Interaction

The Effects of Child Family InteractionChild and family interaction the settingThe scene shows Eaton Kerr, a toddler, in a happy and playful family photo shoot with other members of his family. These family members atomic number 18 his mother, Kerry his father, Jonathan and his doting 8 year old brother, Jordan. The Kerr family lives in Northern Ireland.Kerry is clearly enamoured of her minor boy. In her own words, she tin cant bear to be away from him and could just gobble him up. This is probably intensified by the fact that Eaton had been an dewy-eyed infant, who slept well, ate well and rarely cried. Kerry and Jonathan apparently had an easy time in the first few months after his birth. This is evident in the casual and relaxed manner that can be seen with the entire family.However, one and a fractional years later, Kerry is yearning for a baby girl. Having previously lost two female nestlingren, and currently meridian two little boys, Kerry hungers for a female child. A scene in which she strokes her dogs head longingly could perchance be an indicator of how lots she craves another child. Kerry has a tendency for potential fatal blood clots, which is typically increased in pregnancy. Despite past medical complications and a clear understanding of the associated risks, Kerry is determined to lock her dream. She is booked into the hospital for a medical scan to assess potential risk of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular neverthelessts during pregnancy. The results are daunting and confirm that a pregnancy could be lifethreatening for the young mother.Understandably, Kerry is dejected by the prognosis, and four months later, she s trough has not come to terms with the bug outcomes of the scan. Her severe levels of unhappiness culminate in clinical depression she is perpetually unhappy and tired has lost all motivation to carry out even mundane everyday tasks and finds no pleasure in things that normally make her happy (anhedonia). The loss of her two baby girls in the past appears to be constantly on her mind and she keeps photo scans of the embryos which would serve as a constant negative reminder. The fact that she has named these two offspring (Jordana and Caitlin) shows the depth of the supplement she feels for them. In addition, it seems she has belatedly lost her father all these are textbook triggers for clinical depression. Using the DSM-1 classification of mental wellness diseases, Kerrys depression would be classified as severe, as she confesses to having had suicidal thoughts.It is a well-known fact that low mothers find it difficult to respond to their childrens needs. In a poor guarantee to discipline her toddler, Kerry tries to implement nonindulgent upbringing rules which are often not suitable to Eatons readingal phase. This is clearly corroborated by the evidence of Eatons similar stunted exploitation. However, the little boy is shown as striving to obey his mother, only becoming rebellious at the o ften-dreaded bedtime etc, thus showing signs of his first battle for independence at eighteen months.Poor pause hygiene that is common among depressed patients is withal proving to be problematic in the mother-child relationship. In the video, classifying humans according to their sleep patterns, Eaton is categorised as a lark early to bed and early to wake while Kerry is a contradicting owl who is up till late at night and, consequently, stays in bed till late in the afternoon. This means that Eaton is often up, for hours, sometimes for up to three and a half hours, rank for his mother before he gets any attention. He is losing many battles for his independence in this power contest and is learning that he has no control over his environment. Although it is not voiced in the videotape, the constant absence of Eatons father, Jonathan, suggests possible family problems. He has to leave for work early as he helps run the family energy business, and appears to be blissfully un aware of the problems in his home. Therefore, Kerry is probably going through these difficult times alone. Without the vital family and hearty support, her depression is likely to worsen and would essentially adversely impact on her little boy.Child developmentAs Kerry is unable to motivate herself to do anything, she is also incapable of stimulating the young Eaton. Her apparent insensitiveness to his emotional needs is clearly evident and would be detrimental to the childs development. This is seen with simple tests as outlined infraProgress testing carried out by a child development specialist with picture books and crush shapes. The results of this showed that Eaton could complete less than one third of his tasks and is behind other children of his chronological age.Empathy testing using a scientifically trading floord questionnaire, Kerry scored high on the empathy testing. However, she has been unable to pass this on to Eaton who scored very low on these tests, having a t endency towards blatant aggression towards not just his mother, but also to his eight-year old brother, Jordan. This test of demeanour could malarky to bullying traits in the future.Interaction experiment this shows that Kerry is unwilling to allow Eaton grow and learn. By limiting his playtime to toys and games that dont stimulate him, she is inadvertently limiting his development, probably in an unconscious and failing attempt to foster attachment to her. It seems she doesnt want him to gain independence, but would rather he remain dependent on her.Analysis of child-mother interaction a literature reviewAttachment openingJohn Bowlbys attachment theory is a psychological and ethological description that helps to explain an infants attachment to a parent or criminal maintenancegiver. Infants become devoted to adults who are sensitive and responsive in their interactions with them. The way a parent responds to their young infant in different situations is key to the development of patterns of attachment in the child. These patterns are the skeletal framework that guides the childs feelings, thoughts and expectations in consequent relationships (Bretherton et al, 1999).According to Bowlbys theory, through physical and emotional conversance with a parent or caregiver, the child develops an essential working model, reflecting the parents own response to him/her. In Eatons case his thought process might mirror the insensitiveness that he has experienced from his depressed mother, and could potentially cause problems in the future.Family dynamics a pander baseThe point of attachment should ideally provide a secure base from which the child can research the environment and return when he/she feels fearful. If Eaton insufficiencys that secure use upn, his mental health would be compromised.In his book, A serious Base, John Bowlby (1998) describes the initiation of the mother-infant interaction. He highlights an initial elation and extreme possessiveness immediately after delivery. This phase was probably evident in Kerry, in the first few months when she stated her joy and reluctance to let Eaton out of her sight. However, the well documented lively social interaction alternating with phases of disengagement whitethorn have authentic a pronounced effect of the latter phase, especially after the disheartening results of her hospital scan.Peri- and post-natal conditions that could affect (hinder or foster) positive attachment and the effective formation of a secure base, as outlined by Bowlby (1998) are outlined belowAdequate support for the mother with other aspects of household chores, etc.A secure base for the mother herselfLength of separation from the baby in the hours and days following delivery acquit experienceAttitudes and expectations expressed by the mother during her pregnancyIt is not clear from the brief clips of the videotape which, if any, of the higher up factors are applicable to Kerrys experience. However, inter preting non-verbal communication and appearances, I think it is possible that Kerry ingests little or no support around the house, especially as Jonathan de come outs for work early and eight-year old Jordan would be if limited help. This proposed lack of support could mean that Kerry does not have her own personal security base and might have been in need of assurances. While we are not privy to Kerrys birth experience during the delivery of little Eaton, her past medical history, in addition to that statement Ive cheated life once already, suggest that she may have had a difficult pregnancy, which, in addition, could have lead to prolonged periods of separation from her newborn in the periods immediately following the birth.The Maternal Deprivation TheoryRevisiting the controversial motherly deprivation theory, in the existence Health Organization report on Maternal Care and Mental Health, Bowlby (1951) explored the effects of deprivation of maternal care. Maternal deprivation is not limited in definition to mothers who are physically absent from their infants lives it also applies to mothers who are not sensitive or responsive to their childs needs. In this report, Bowlby concluded that a warm, intimate and never-ending child-mother relationship, in which both parties find satisfaction and enjoyment, is essential. Lack of such a satisfactory relationship could lead to significant and irreversible mental health malformations.The case of Eaton and his mother, Kerry, could be seen as a classic pattern of the maternal deprivation theory. While Kerry is present physically, her own self-admitted lack of motivation and uninvolved attitude is not adequate to foster that close relationship with her second son. As highlighted by Bowlby and later his close colleague, bloody shame Ainsworth (1962), Eaton could be at risk of having some mental problems in the future, if a timely and effective discourse is not implemented.The long-term effects of poor child-family interactionsThe consequences of the poor maternal and possibly paternal interaction which Eaton is change to cannot be overemphasised. In a recent study using a conceptual model derived from the attachment theory, it was shown that attachment anxiety and low empathy significantly increases the odds of child molester status (Woods and Riggs, 2008). Furthermore, attachment jeopardy in childhood is linked to externalizing behaviour and higher and stable patterns of depressive behaviour at the adolscence stage (Allen et al, 2007).Also, conversely, avoidance of closeness in depressed mothers is implicated in the development of internalizing symptoms in their children, because individuals who are avoidant of closeness, logically, are poor care givers (Whiffen et al, 2005). Research also shows that infants and toddlers of depressed mothers are at increased risk of developing attachment insecurity and behavioural difficulties than offspring of nondisordered mothers (Cicchetti et al, 1998 ).Observing the effects of maternal depression on social cognition and behaviour in parent-child interactions, Lovejoy (2007) depressed mothers, as a group, exhibited more negative behaviour. Furthermore, maternal depression was found to be associated with negative parent-child interactions and more negative, albeit fairly accurate, perceptions of child behaviour. This factor could be a major implicating factor in the apparent poor development that Eaton shows.An older study by Seiner and Gelfand (1995) showed that enacted maternal withdrawal and depression led to toddlers physically withdrawing from their mothers, making more negative physical bids for attention and generally becoming unfocused and negative, displaying their straiten in a developmentally appropriate manner. In addition, the children made no attempt to comfort their mothers this can be related to Eatons unsympathetic reaction to his mothers apparent distress in the video.There are numerous other studies in the lite rature that explore the negative impact of poor interaction between child and mother (or care giver). There is a clear association between attachment and maternal depression, and the development of the recipient child.Recently, Vieten and Astin (2008) evaluated the effectiveness of an eight-week mindfulness-based encumbrance during pregnancy on prenatal stress and liquid body substance. Their findings demonstrate that mothers who received this intervention showed significantly reduced anxiety and negative effect during the third trimester in comparison to those who did not receive the intervention. It is well-documented that stress and negative mood during pregnancy increase the risk of poor childbirth outcomes and postnatal mood problems and may interfere with mother-infant attachment and child development. Accordingly, such interventions may be pivotal in supporting mothers in preparation for child delivery.ConclusionIn the course of research for this write-up, I have a gained a greater understanding of the attachment theory and the role of the secure base in stamp a childs development. More importantly, I am now aware of the need to provide as much support to the mother as is expected for the newborn. This is especially the case for at-risk mothers. Partners and family members need to be a part of the support programme to ensure that mothers receive the care and security they need in order to in effect carry out their newly acquired duties.